Alice Neel’s life spanned most of the twentieth century––she was born in January 1900 and died in 1984. The twentieth century was a century of automation. Automated birth, automated life, and automated death.
It was an also a century of automated art. Obviously it was the century of the automated imagery of the photograph, and the movie, but it was also a time when mass production affected the cost and availability of almost every type of commodity, including artist’s materials, and that had an affect even of on the kind of painting that was produced. Huge experimental canvases by Ellsworth Kelly, Barnet Newman, and Mark Rothko would have been unthinkable in the nineteenth century. It was an era when the photograph ruled portraiture, and paintings were vast fields of formless color.
Yet this was the era in which Alice Neel produced some of the century’s greatest art. Modest sized, oil-painted portraits. Unfashionable in subject matter, unfashionable in size, and even unfashionable in life-style.
How did this seemingly frumpy woman from Pennsylvania make her voice––not just heard, but heard with resonance, in an arena dominated by the glamorous giants of the industrial age?
The truth, of course, is that she didn’t. For almost half a century, from her first paintings as a teen at around the time of the First World War, right up until her discovery, at around the time of the Vietnam War (the twentieth century being defined by its wars), Alice Neel painted in almost complete obscurity.
We, the educated American, gallery-visiting public ignored her. Perhaps we chuckled at her out-dated figurative art when we passed by the little small-town galleries that would show her work.
Were we wrong to ignore her? Was her eventual rise to fame during the 1960’s just a freak of fashion? Just something to appeal to the more conventional among us for whom the works of Jackson Pollock and Robert Motherwell were a little too avant garde? We had to lionize one or two figurative painters, so why not Alice Neel?
Or was Alice Neel’s eventual recognition justice served? Is there really something to make us tremble in her work?
Let’s look at just one of her paintings. This is a portrait of her daughter, Ginny, completed in 1969. It is painted in oil on a canvas 60 inches tall by 40 inches wide.
A painting of this size is designed to attract the attention from a distance, and the first element that we notice is the eyes. They call to us. They plead with us, not just from across a few yards of a gallery but from across time. This is not a happy sitter. She begs us to listen to what the painter, her mother, Alice Neel, will not hear. She does not want to be painted. She does not even want to be in the same room with her mother, and yet she has no choice. Her mother, by this time a celebrity, demands that she remain in this uncomfortable position in the stool. With what threats could Alice Neel have forced Ginny to remain? No supper? Early to bed? Probably not. Ginny appears to be around sixteen. It’s unlikely she would care about these things. And perhaps there lies the motive.
Here is Ginny in a too-short skirt, and a new top, with her hair artfully dishevelled. Ginny at a moment in her life when she is completely and utterly consumed with her social life and her appearance. Perhaps she went out, and stayed out too late. Perhaps the punishment of her going out is being a model for her mother. The Alice Neel equivalent of being grounded, and what else can this picture be but a punishment.
And what a mother!?
The pose makes the worst of the too-short skirt (in 1969 a shocking new fashion). Another inch would reveal her underwear. Is poor Ginny desperately trying to push the hem of the skirt down to cover her thighs, thighs which her mother is delightfully exposing to history?
Then look at the big hands and feet of the unevenly growing adolescent. The hands revealed as they try to push down the hem, and the feet underlined by just touching the bottom of the frame.
Then look at Ginny’s teeth. Her mother makes her look as though she has a terrible overbite.
Finally it is almost a challenge. Ginny appears to be on the point of standing up and leaving, but for all her lively vibrancy, and appearance of being right in front of us, she is only a painting. She is still sitting here forty years later. It is the viewer who must move on if the spectacle is to end. And yet we are drawn back to the picture time and again, like theater-goers who return to see Macbeth for the umpteenth time in the vain hope that this time Macbeth will not murder Duncan.
There are portraits that have a life-affirming beauty, like those of David Hockney. There are portraits that are like psycho-analysis, such as those of Max Beckmann. Alice Neel’s portraits have been described as interrogation.
She shines a lamp into the faces of her sitters. She makes them reveal something they would rather we didn’t know. We cannot see our fellow beings this intimately. Those we know well we have no wish to offend. Those we know less well we do not want to pry. We cannot see our fellow humans as they really are, so Alice Neel sees them for us.
In theory, we are now safe looking at the paintings. A painting cannot harm us, and yet each picture is a confrontation we would rather not have. We would rather each of her sitters just act like normal human beings.
Or perhaps they are acting like normal human beings. What is so odd about acting oddly? We all do it.
Alice Neal’s portraits remain to haunt us. At a time when we all want fame they stand as a warning. We can compose ourselves in the mirror, but the painting is not a mirror. It is the reflection before we have had time to compose our features.
It is as well to bear in mind that it is not just the sitter who is revealed in the portrait painting. Alice Neel appears as ogre or jester in all of her paintings. She is as clear as if there were indeed a mirror. One which is placed behind the sitter.





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